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The media of Serbia refers to mass media outlets based in Serbia. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Serbia guarantees freedom of speech. As a country in transition, Serbia's media system is under transformation, which is yet "slow, incoherent and incomplete". According to the European Journalism Centre, "democratisation of the media system has failed to become a factor in the democratisation of society as a whole, which was a widespread hope in 2000 based on the achievements of the decade-long struggle against media repression in the Milosevic regime."〔Jovanka Matic and Larisa Rankovic, "(Serbia )", EJC Media Landscapes〕 == History == The 1990s saw the end of state monopoly over the media. Throughout the decade, media remained divided between regime-controlled and independent ones. Media autonomy and the survival of independent media remained a major bone of contention during the regime of Slobodan Milosevic. Notwithstanding political pluralism, his autocratic regime could not stand the free media, and used pro-regime media (featuring aggressive intolerance and militant rhetoric) as a propaganda machine against domestic and international enemies. Civil society and international donors stood behind the creation of independent media. According to the Association for Private Broadcasting Development, in the year 2000 Serbia hosted 480 radio and TV stations, of which 300 privately owned and the rest as local, public media.〔 The control over the media was reached through different strategies. On the one hand, the legal framework on the media system was purposefully left chaotic, while the state maintained the monopoly over the distribution of frequencies and production of newsprints, printing facilities, and distribution networks. Moreover, non-aligned journalists, media outlets and media advertisers were harassed, jammed and/or forcefully closed down – particularly in moments of risk for the regime's hegemony, such as elections, the 1996–97 mass demonstrations, and the 1998–99 war in Kosovo.〔 After the fall of the Milosevic regime, most of the pro-regime media changed overnight and supported the new government coalition DOS. The dismissal of top officials, compromised with the regime, made way for the reconstruction of the media sector. Yet, post-Milosevic governments (both Zoran Djindjic's and Vojislav Kostunica's) were unable to bring the transition to completion. A media policy was neglected for the whole decade, not to risk electoral support by unsettling the status quo.〔 The media sector was thus reformed slowly and incoherently, after a long delay. In 2010, Serbia had 523 print media, 201 radio stations, 103 TV stations and 66 online media. Almost 2.2 million Serbian citizens regularly read print media every day and listen to radio for on average almost three hours a day. Yet, media sustainability remains at risk, due to small advertisement revenues and sometimes even the lack of permits, and to the still incomplete process of privatisation, leading to an uneven playing field between private and public media. New challenges include increasing concentration of the advertisement sector, opening up to the risk of pressures from eonomic groups linked to political parties, as well as the dire general economic conditions in the wake of the global economic crisis.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Media of Serbia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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